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A brawl between rival drug gangs at an overcrowded penitentiary in northern Mexico turned into a riot Thursday, leaving 49 inmates dead and 12 injured in the country's deadliest prison melee in years.
No escapes were reported in the clash at the Topo Chico prison in Monterrey, said Nuevo León state Gov. Jaime Rodríguez. The riot took place on the eve of Pope Francis' arrival in Mexico, a visit that is scheduled to include a trip next week to another prison in the border city of Ciudad Juárez.
Rodríguez said in the morning that 52 people had died, but he lowered that by three in the late afternoon. The reason for the changed death toll was not clear.
At a news conference the governor read a list of 40 names of confirmed victims, saying five of the remaining bodies had been charred by fire and four were yet to be positively identified. One of the injured was in grave condition.
Terrified relatives gathered at the prison gates, where officials posted the names of the dead as they became known.
"Ayyy, my son is on the list!" 63-year-old María Guadalupe Ramírez screamed when she saw the name of her son, José Guadalupe Ramírez Quintero, 26, before collapsing into the arms of a daughter and human rights workers.
Ramírez's grief echoed the concerns of others whose loved ones were tossed into Topo Chico along with some of Mexico's most hardened criminals, despite being sentenced for minor offenses or even while they were still on trial.
"He had already gotten out. They picked him up again just for drinking. ... There is injustice in this prison," she said, shaking her fists and sobbing.
The fighting began around midnight with prisoners setting fire to a storage area, sending flames and smoke billowing into the sky. Rescue workers were seen carrying injured inmates - some with burns - from the facility.
Rodríguez said the clash was between two factions led by a member of the infamous Zetas drug cartel, Juan Pedro Zaldivar Farías, also known as "El Z-27," and Jorge Iván Hernández Cantú, who has been identified by Mexican media as a Gulf cartel figure.
A turf war between the gangs bloodied Nuevo León state and neighboring Tamaulipas between 2010 and 2012. The Zetas once nearly controlled the area around Monterrey.
Zaldivar Farías was a suspect in the 2010 killing of American David Hartley on Falcon Lake, which makes up part of the border between Mexico and Texas. Hartley was reportedly gunned down while touring the reservoir with his wife on jet skis.
In the morning, a crowd of people bundled against the cold gathered at the prison gates, demanding to be let in to learn the fate of their relatives. Some threw rocks, kicked and shook the gates as riot police with plastic shields kept the crowd out. Prison officials later began letting people enter in small numbers.
Mario Martínez was still awaiting word on his father-in-law, who was being held at the prison pending trial. He said the danger of violence inside was well-known long before the riot.
"This (place) was a time bomb," Martínez said. "The authorities should not ignore what the people inside are saying."
Authorities were reinforcing security at other prisons and had transferred some inmates out of Topo Chico, Rodríguez told Milenio. After initially saying the fighting didn't involve gunfire, but he later reported that at least one of the victims was shot to death.
The deadliest prison riot in recent memory also occurred in Nuevo León, in February 2012, when Zetas gangsters killed 44 Gulf cartel members at the overcrowded Apodaca federal lockup.
A month earlier, 31 died in a Tamaulipas prison where inmates set upon each other with makeshift knives, clubs and stones.
According to a 2014 report by the National Human Rights Commission, Topo Chico was designed to house 3,635 prisoners but actually held about 4,585 that year. Inmates there used violence as a way of exerting control in the prison, it added.
Another report by the commission in 2013 highlighted violence and inmate control in many of Mexico's prisons, symptoms of corruption and lack of resources.
The report, based on visits and interviews at 101 of the most populated facilities, found that 65 of them were run by inmates, not authorities.
Leslie Solís, a security and justice researcher at the public-policy think tank Mexico Evalua, said the commission's most recent rating of Topo Chico indicated that "we had it coming" and "all the conditions were in place for this" - too few guards, poor training and the entry of illicit objects and substances.
Constitutional reforms in 2008 and 2011 tried to reorient Mexico's prison system toward respect for human rights and preparing convicts to reintegrate into society, but in most of the country that has not occurred, Solis added. Some parts are so under the thumb of organized crime that authorities do not have the resources to confront it.
Potential solutions include more judicious use of prison sentences for nonviolent crimes, and locking up fewer people who are still waiting for Mexico's plodding judicial system to handle their cases. At Topo Chico, for example, 26 percent of prisoners were still awaiting a sentence.
"This clash ... has to serve as an alarm or a call to authorities to take responsibility and not permit this to happen again," Solís said.
